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Eye Diseases
Astigmatism is one of a group of eye conditions known as refractive errors. Refractive errors cause a disturbance in the way that light rays are focused within the eye. Astigmatism often occurs with nearsightedness and farsightedness, conditions also resulting from refractive errors. Astigmatism is not a disease nor does it mean that you have "bad eyes." It simply means that you have a variation or disturbance in the shape of your cornea.

Related Links:

American Optometric Association
SeeClearly.Com
All About Vision
U-M Kellogg Eye Center
Eyesite.ca
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Anophthalmia or Microphthalmia
Anophthalmia is the term used when there is a total lack of an eye, indicating some outside interruption during intrauterine foetal development very early after conception. Anophthalmia may be monocular (affecting one eye), or bilateral (both eyes). Obviously there is no sight and therefore no treatment can be offered. Cosmetically, however, sockets can be measured, moulds taken and artificial eyes (matched with parental or sibling eye coloring) fitted.

Microphthalmia
is commonly called 'small eye syndrome'. Most of the children known to me are affected in one eye. The eye is obviously reduced in size, and again, according to my statistics, is blind with no vision at all. However, in Lincolnshire there are children who have bilateral microphthalmia with resultant extreme reduced vision. These children are all registered blind although all also have some residual vision.

Related Links:

Micro & Anophthalmic Childrens Society
National Eye Institute
Ican

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Blepharitis
Blepharitis is a noncontiguous inflammation of the eyelids that usually affects the lower part of the lid and eyelashes. It is usually characterized by excess oil production in the meibomian glands near the eyelid, which creates a favorable environment for bacterial growth. Repeated occurrences of styes or hordeolum (inflammation of the eyelid’s sebaceous gland) and chalazia (swelling that results from a blockage of the meibomian glands) are also associated with blepharitis.

Related Links:

Dr. Marcella Bauman & Associates
Todayvision.com
Handbook of Ocular Disease Management
Health-MD.net
Visiondirect.com

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Cataract
Cataract is a clouding of the eye's lens that can cause vision problems. The most common type is related to aging. More than half of all Americans age 65 and older have a cataract. In the early stages, stronger lighting and eyeglasses may lessen vision problems caused by cataracts. At a certain point, however, surgery may be needed to improve vision.

Related Links:

St.Luke's Cataract and Laser Institute
Today's Vision
Sankara Nethralaya
Eye Search.Com
Vision Channel
EyeMDLink.com
Dr. Marcella Bauman & Associates

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Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is commonly known as pinkeye because of the inflamed tissues that are seen when the eyelid is pulled back, conjunctivitis is the most common infectious disease of the eye that affects children. Although most types of conjunctivitis are contagious, it usually causes no danger to the eye or to your child's vision. Besides infections, conjunctivitis can also be caused by inflammation or irritants to the eye.

Related Links:

Sankara Nethralaya
American Academy of Family Physicians
Review of Optometry Online
Mckinley Health Center
EyeMDLink.com
Dr. Marcella Bauman & Associates

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Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy is a Microvascular disease (involving small blood vessels) due to diabetes affects the eyes and kidneys. Retinopathy is damage to the retina caused by microvascular changes. On average, a careful eye examination reveals mild retinal abnormalities about seven years after the onset of diabetes, but the damage that threatens vision usually does not occur until much later. Fortunately the condition can be treated-and vision spared- with laser photocoagulation, if it is detected early.

Related Links:
The Diabetic Retinopathy Foundation
St.Luke's Cataract and Laser Institute
UK National Screening Committee (NSC)
Sankara Nethralaya
Diabetesnet
Navh Excerpts
Ophthalmology Consultants
Eye Search.Com
Schepens Retina Associates
EyeMDLink.com
Dr. Marcella Bauman & Associates
Dry Eye
Dry Eye syndrome is a chronic lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture in the eye. Its consequences extend from subtle but constant irritation to ocular inflammation of the anterior (front) tissues of the eye. It is particularly bothersome for wearers of contact lenses.

Related Links:

The Aging Eye
Med Help International
Ind Medica Ltd
Eagle Vision, Inc
Novartis Ophthalmics
dryeyeinfo.org

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Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a disease that has no initial visual or pain symptoms. Patients must have regular eye exams to detect glaucoma at its earliest stage. While the cause of this disease is not fully known, it is a disease that can be successfully managed through early diagnosis and optimal treatment or therapy.

Related Links:

The Glaucoma Foundation
The Glaucoma Research Foundation
Glaucoma Service & Foundation at Wills Eye Hospital
Today's Vision
Sankara Nethralaya
International Glaucoma Association
American Glaucoma Society
Greek Glaucoma Society
All About Vision
European Glaucoma Society
Glaucoma in America
Steen - Hall Eye Institute
Glaucoma Associates of Texas
The Glaucoma Clinic
Silicon Valley Medical Center
Glaucoma Center of Michigan
Eye Search.Com
The Friends of the Congressional Glaucoma Caucus Foundation, Inc
Vision Channel
EyeMDLink.com
Dr. Marcella Bauman & Associates

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Histoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis is a disease caused when airborne spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum are inhaled into the lungs, the primary infection site. This microscopic fungus, which is found throughout the world in river valleys and soil where bird or bat droppings accumulate, is released into the air when soil is disturbed by plowing fields, sweeping chicken coops, or digging holes. Histoplasmosis is often so mild that it produces no apparent symptoms. Any symptoms that might occur are often similar to those from a common cold. In fact, if you had histoplasmosis symptoms, you might dismiss them as those from a cold or flu, since the body's immune system normally overcomes the infection in a few days without treatment.

Related Links:
National eye Institute

ASTDHPPHE
StLukesEye.com

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Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Farsightedness or hyperopia, occurs when light entering the eye focuses behind the retina, instead of directly on it. This is caused by a cornea that is flatter, or an eye that is shorter, than a normal eye. Farsighted people usually have trouble seeing up close, but may also have difficulty seeing far away as well.

Related Links:

St. Luke's Cataract & Laser Institute
All About Vision
American Optometric Association

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Keratoconus
Keratoconus (KC) is a non-inflammatory condition of the cornea in which there is progressive central thinning of the cornea changing it from dome-shaped to cone-shaped. Keratoconus comes from the Greek word meaning conical cornea. The cornea is the clear windshield of the eye and is responsible for refracting most of the light coming into the eye. Therefore, abnormalities of the cornea can greatly affect the way we see the world.

Related Links:

Center for Keratoconus
National Keratoconus Foundation
www.febo.com

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Low Vision
Low Vision, problems with visual functioning do not depend only on acuity or the ability to see an eye chart. In addition to acuity (or sharpness) it can involve ability to discriminate color, see contrast and evaluate the location of objects in space. If a person is unable to function normally for any of these reasons, then the person may have partial sight, or low vision.

Related Links:

The Low Vision Gateway
The Low Vision Information Center

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Macular Degeneration

Macular degeneration is the physical disturbance of the center of the retina called the macula. The macula, which is about the size of the capital letter "O" in this sentence, is the part of the retina which is capable of our most acute and detailed vision. We use the macula for reading, driving, recognizing faces, watching television, and fine work. Macular degeneration is the leading cause of legal blindness in people over age 55.

Related Links:
Macular Degeneration Foundation
Today's Vision
Vision Loss in America
Eye Search.Com
Schepens Retina Associates
Vision Channel
Dr. Marcella Bauman & Associates
OCUWELL

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Myopia(Nearsightedness)
Nearsightedness, or myopia, is a vision problem experienced by up to about one-third of the population. Nearsighted people have difficulty reading highway signs and seeing other objects at a distance, but can see for up-close tasks such as reading or sewing.

Related Links:

International Myopia Prevention Association
marketing-myopia.com
The Eye Center
Laser surgery for eyes

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Nyctalopia (Night blindness)
Night blindness is an eye disorder in which vision is abnormally impaired in dim light or at night. It is caused by a deficiency of visual purple (rhodopsin) in the light-sensitive rod cells of the retina at the back of the eye. Night blindness most commonly occurs as a result of retinitis pigmentosa, a degenerative condition of the retina. Visual purple may also decrease if there is a dietary deficiency of vitamin A - its principal component. Exposure to bright lights may cause the supply of visual purple to be temporarily depleted. Night blindness may also occur in choroidoretinitis and glaucoma.

Related Links:

Diet-and-health.net

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Ocular Albinism
Ocular Albinism in an inherited condition in which the eyes lack melanin pigment, while the skin and hair show normal or near-normal coloration. People with ocular albinism have the same eye problems as albinos (although without the lack of skin pigmentation). As the inside of the eye lacks its dark pigment lining, light bounces around inside the eyeball causing a blurred image. The retina fails to develop fully and visual clarity is significantly reduced, especially for distance vision which may be around 6/60. Sight is worse in bright light, which is also uncomfortable.

Related Links:

The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation Achromatopsia

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Ophthalmoplegic Migraine
Ophthalmoplegic Migraine is a rare variety of Migraine Headache often involving symptoms associated with the paresis of the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves. In a majority of the cases, this condition occurs in childhood, with cases ranging from infants to adolescents. The third cranial nerve is the one affected most.

Related Links:

Discovery Communications Inc.
National Headache Foundation
Imigraine.net

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Presbyopia
Presbyopia (Greek for "old eye") occurs when the lens of the eye becomes less flexible. Specifically, the lens becomes stiffer and the muscles that control the lens become weaker, hindering its ability to bend and flatten in order to focus light on the retina. As a result, the eye has difficulty focusing on objects up close.

Related Links:

All About Vision
Laser Surgery for Eyes
PresbyopiaFYI.com

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Retinitis Pigmentosa
Retinitis Pigmentosa is an eye disease that affects a person's night vision and peripheral vision. It is a genetic disorder that is usually hereditary. Symptoms start with decreased night vision and later progress to a diminishing of peripheral vision. The rate of decline varies depending on the genetic makeup of the disorder and also varies somewhat in individuals.

Related Links:

Lighthouse International
eMedicine.com, Inc
The Foundation Fighting Blindness

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Retinoblastoma (Cancer)
Retinoblastoma occurs in early childhood and affects about 1 child in 20,000. The tumor develops from the immature retina - the part of the eye responsible for detecting light and color. There are both hereditary and non-hereditary forms of retinoblastoma. IN the hereditary form, multiple tumors are found in both eyes, while in the non-hereditary form only one eye is affected and by only one tumor.

Related Links:

The Retinoblastoma Society
Retinoblastoma.com
Eye Cancer Network
Intouchlive.com
The Low Vision Gateway
National Cancer Institute

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Retinopathy of prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity is a disease of the retinal blood vessels that can occur in extremely premature infants. The retina is the inner lining of the eye that consists of specialized nerve cells necessary for sight. Blood vessels in the retina develop first from the optic nerve area at the very back of the eye, with growth of blood vessels within the retina toward the front of the eye. The normal process of retinal blood vessel growth is stopped in premature infants, leading to the formation of abnormal blood vessels and scar tissue.

Related Links:

ROPARD
Country Hills Eye Center
Schepens Retina Associates
The Worldwide Braille Translation Leder
Pediatric Ophthalmic Consultants
University of Michigan University of Michigan W.K. Kellogg Eye Center
The Canadian Council of the Blind
The RetinaSourse.Com
Charles Retina Institute
The DRM WebWatcher
Vision Channel
Preemieparents.com
EyeMDLink.com

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Scotoma
Scotoma (sk* to"m*) is a loss of part of the field of vision, often experienced as a blind spot. Causes include a lesion within the eyeball, choroiditis, hemorrhage, or a lesion in the visual system in the brain. A temporary blind spot can occur with migraine. Treatment depends on the cause.

Related Links:

www.scotoma.org
ivillage

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Strabismus
Strabismus, more commonly known as crossed-eyes, is a vision condition in which a person can not align both eyes simultaneously under normal conditions. One or both of the eyes may turn in, out, up or down. An eye turn may be constant (when the eye turns all of the time) or intermittent (turning only some of the time, such as, under stressful situations or when ill).

Related Links:

The Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus
Optometrists Network
Strabismus Web Book
The Doctor's Office
Prevent Blindness America
Adult Strabismus Web
The Eyestation.com

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Uveitis
Uveitis means "inflammation of the uvea", or the middle layer of the eye. The uvea consists of three structures: the iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid. The iris is the colored structure surrounding the pupil, visible in the front of the eye. The ciliary body is a structure containing muscle and is located behind the iris which focuses the lens. The choroid is a layer containing blood vessels that line the back of the eye and is located between the inner visually sensitive layer, called the retina, and the outer white eye wall, called the sclera. Inflammation occurring in any of these three structures is termed "uveitis".

Related Links:

Uveitis Information Group
Uvetis Complication and Treatment
Angeles Vision Clinic
U-M Kellogg Eye Center Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences

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Vitreous floaters
Vitreous floaters are floating opacities within the central gel substance of the eye, the vitreous body. They can range from the merely annoying to the severely disabling.

Related Links:

vitreousfloaters.com
St. Luke's Cataract & Laser Institute
www.EyeFloaters.com
All about vision

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